COURSE DESCRIPTION


Agricultural Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

24

23

81

12

9

140

University Requirement

Faculty Requirement

Major Requirement

Free Ellective

Complementary Requirement

Total Credit Hours

Complementary Requirement is not calcualted in total credit hours



University Requirement - 24 Credit Hours:



Compulsory Courses - 15 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A0161201 English Communication Skills 3 Grammar: question tags, modals, future forms, articles, adjectives, adverbs, if structures; vocabulary: relationships, work, activities, media, war, sport; writing skills: essay, notes, messages, application letters; basic and advanced reading skills; basic and advanced listening skills; verbal skills: oral presentations, arguments.
A0161101 Arabic Communication Skills 3 Language levels: phonological level, grammatical level, rhetorical level, orthographic level, comprehension and speaking; grammar exercises, nominal sentences, verbal sentences, kana and its sisters, Inna and its sisters, dual, masculine plural, feminine plural, indeclinable nouns, vocative, appositives; exercises in morphology, present participle, and past participle; spelling and punctuation, dictionaries, listening and speaking.
A0161301 National Education 3 Concepts and terms; Geography of Jordan; contemporary political history of Jordan; Jordanian Society; Jordanian constitutional and democratic life; Jordanian national institutions; challenges facing Jordan; threats to civic life: fanaticism, extremism, terrorism, violence; corruption: definitions, types, causes, impact, and prevention.
A0161112 Leadership and Societal Responsibility 1 This course deals with prominent titles related to leadership, such as: the meaning of leadership, the vocabulary that falls under the term, leadership styles, leadership and social responsibility, change management and strategies, building an effective team, the leader and managing diversity, how to discover future leaders and support them, and women leaders.
A0161113 Life Skills 1 This course deals with the vital interest of the individual on the individual and collective level. It is like a passport to the success of individuals and helps them understand their personal competencies. It discusses the meaning of skills, their levels, characteristics and importance, communication skill and communication, and trains them on self-skills such as the skill of time management, organizing and defining it, and providing examples of its fields of application and activities. carried out by the students themselves. It also deals with thinking skills, its importance, education, and forms such as problem-solving and decision-making as forms of complex thinking or its strategies. The course also deals with training students on methods of dialogue and exchange of views as an entry point to resolving differences and mitigating frictions when we witness the openness of societies, correct study skills, family success and conservatism.
A0161401 Military Sciences 3 The establishment and development of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; the history of the Arab Legion; peacekeeping troops; preparing the nation for defense and liberation.
A0161111 Entrepreneurship and Innovation 1 Economic science definition: its objectives and the economic problem; The relation between the economic science and other sciences; Economic analysis methods; Production possibilities curve; National income accounts; Consumption; Investment; Saving; Unemployment; Inflation; Money and Banking; Financial and monetary policy and its role in dealing with the imbalanced economy through these policies; Economic development in terms of importance and objectives and economic planning to achieve such objectives; Demand and supply theory and consumer equilibrium; Cost and production theory; Producer equilibrium in different markets.

Elective Courses - 6 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A0161501 Islamic Culture 3 Definition of the culture, characteristics of the Islamic culture, Islamic culture and other cultures; the sources of Islamic culture: The Holy Quran, Sunna, the Arabic language, history of Islam; fields of Islamic culture: faith, worship, morals; challenges facing the Islamic culture: orientalism, globalization, secularism; young people and the impacts of foreign cultures, women and Islam, Islam and terrorism.
A0161701 History of Jordan and Palestine 3 The geography of Jordan and Palestine, Jordan and Palestine in ancient times, general historical look, Jordan, and Palestine in the Mamluk era, Jordan, and Palestine during the First World War (1914- 1918), Emirate of East Jordan (Transjordan), constitutional and legislative life in Jordan, Palestine under the British Mandate, and Jordanian-Palestinian relations, Jerusalem, historical status.
A0161703 Archaeology and Tourism in Jordan 3 Tourism definition; Classification of Tourism; The difference between tourist and other traveler?s concepts, Travel types, The definition of Archaeology and archaeological sites: Archaeological surveys and excavations; Documentation; Jordan through the ages; Components of tourism in Jordan; Elements of tourist attractions in Jordan: Archeological sites, Natural sites, Natural reserves, Forests; Tourist movement and types in Jordan; Economical impact of tourism in Jordan.
A0161802 Development and Environment 3 The course provides awareness and insight into the environmental issue, its vocabulary, the human relationship with the ecosystem, and environmental hazards to avoid. It also works to develop students' understanding and awareness of basic ecological concepts, and to reinforce their attitudes and values, in order to practice solving environmental problems. And linking it to comprehensive development and its relationship to water, food and energy security.
A0161601 Contemporary Issues 3 Identify the most important contemporary local, national and regional issues, the most prominent contemporary challenges and their questions from development, youth, extremism, globalization, culture and identity; Jerusalem and its central position, the Arab-Israeli conflict
A0411601 Legal Education and Human Rights 3 This course identifying the basic concepts of human rights in an analytical way, and then realistic clarify of the international & regional means dealing with human rights such as treaties, recommendations and international means that are in the process of formation, such imperative rules & customs, this course also address realistically the content of human rights and the rights of the first generation such as right of living. The second-generation rights such as the right to work and third-generation rights such as the right of environment. International ways to protect human rights in general. In addition, the extent to which the Jordanian constitution is compatible with international human rights standards.
A0161901 Media and Public Relations 3 The nexus between media and society in terms of the social, political, economic and cultural power of the media, the role of the media in giving people the opportunity to express their opinions and promote international relations. Communication and public relations, communication and its types, levels, forms, properties, fields, activities, physical and nonphysical (symbolic) environment, and obstacles to the communicative process. Public relations: its beginnings, development, principles, bases, importance, functions, planning, activities.

Elective Courses - 3 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A0871103 Principles of Renewable Energy 3 Introduction to renewable Energy include Photovoltaic, Wind power, Micro hydropower, Biomass energy, Waste power, Solar thermal power, Geothermal power, Ocean energy (tidal, tide-flow and wave), Ocean energy (OTEC), , Comparison of characteristics and cost of renewables. How we can use the sun, wind, biomass, geothermal resources, and water to generate more sustainable energy. It explains the fundamentals of energy, including the transfer of energy, as well as the limitations of natural resources. Starting with solar power, the text illustrates how energy from the sun is transferred and stored; used for heating, cooling, and lighting; collected and concentrated; and converted into electricity
A1321100 Sport and Health 3 Defining health and fitness: physical education, health education; the cognitive, emotional, skill-oriented, and social goals of physical education; the history of physical education: ancient, medieval, and modern ages, the Olympics, Athletics in Jordan: nutrition and exercising; athletic injuries: bone, joint , muscle, skin injuries; special exercises for figure deformation; diseases related to lack of exercise: diabetes, obesity, being underweight, back pain, cancer; hooliganism: causes and recommended solutions for hooliganism.
A0591111 Digital Literacy 3 Digital Literacy is a concept that describes how technology and the Internet are shaping the way people interact and how they affect us as individuals and as a society. This course educate students on the uses of digital technologies, the dangers of digital technology and the need to build a culture of ethical use of the Internet and introduce the concept of responsible freedom.
A0612303 Society Health 3 The course aims to provide students with the basic principles that enhance the concept of health and health prevention in its various physical, psychological and social aspects. The student will also be provided with information that helps individuals realize their health needs in the context of the culture and values ??systems they live in and how to meet these needs, which is known as improving health and quality of life.
A0161602 Critical Thinking Skills 3 The concept of critical thinking, its components; characteristics of critical thinking individuals; Critical thinking skills: the skill of interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, expectation, prediction; Stages of critical thinking: Motivation, searching for information, linking information, evaluation, expression, and integration


Faculty Requirement - 23 Credit Hours:



Compulsory Courses - 23 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A0111201 General Physics (1) 3 Introduction to Physics; Measurement and standards; Physical quantities; Vectors Addition and multiplication of vectors; Motion in straight line: displacement velocity, acceleration , finding the motion of an object, free fall, and vertical jumping; Motion in two dimensions Projectile in Biomechanics; Newton?s laws: Static C.G., Levers in the body, muscles and, and jaws of animals; Collisions
A0111101 Mathematics (1) 3 Introduction to Calculus; The rate of change of a function; Limits; Derivatives of algebraic functions and their applications; Integration; Application of the definite integral.
A0111301 General Chemistry 3 "Chemistry and the atomic/ molecular view of matter; scientific measurements elements compounds, and the periodic table; the mole and stoichiometry; molecular view of reactions in aqueous solutions: doublereplacement reaction, redox reaction the quantum mechanical atom: electron configuration, properties of elements; basics of chemical bonding: ionic bonds, covalent bonds, intermolecular forces; chemical kinetics: rates laws; acids and bases: strong acids, weak acids, buffers. "
A1211001 Agricultural Biotechnology 3 This course will cover the introduction to biotechnology including definition, history of biotechnology, genetics and genetic engineering, impact of plant, animal and microbial biotechnology on agriculture.
A1162300 Biochemistry (1) 2 Introduction to biochemistry; Biological oxidation; Carbohydrates: chemistry of carbohydrates, digestion and absorption of carbohydrates metabolism of carbohydrates, diabetes mellitus; lipids: chemistry of fatty acids, digestion and absorption of lipids, lipids metabolism, hyperlipidemia and fatty liver. Introduction; enzymes; amino acids: chemistry of amino acids, inborn errors of amino acids metabolism, protein structures; Molecular biology: nucleic acids structures and metabolism, central dogma of molecular biology, DNA replication, gene replication, gene expression.
A0111401 General Biology 3 Introduction to Biology Lab; Compound light microscope; Preparing slides of: Plant cells and animal cells; Macromolecules chemical properties; Cellular division; Animal tissues and Plant tissues; preparing bacterial smear; Algae, Fungi, and Bryophytes; Protozoan & Plants and animals Biodiversity.
A0111302 Practical General Chemistry 1 Basic laboratory techniques: safety rules, handling chemicals and glassware operating balances and Bunsen burner, write the scientific report ; identification of chemical substances: physical properties of matter as boiling point and melting point; physical separation of mixtures: distillation, extraction, recrystallization; empirical formula; chemical reaction : metathesis, solubility of salts; preparation of solutions: prepare a solution of known concentration; standardization of a base: titration, molecular weight determination; indicators, buffers and measurement of pH
A1162302 Practical Biochemistry 1 Introduction and safety regulations; Biologically important chemical compounds; qualitative and quantitative determination of carbohydrate: glucose fructose, sucrose, starch; qualitative and quantitative determination of lipids: saturated and unsaturated fatty acids; qualitative and quantitative determination of proteins: amino acids, enzymes, and nucleic acids.
A0331702 Computer Skills (Health) 3
A0111402 Practical General Biology 1 Introduction to Biology Lab; Compound light microscope; Preparing slides of: Plant cells and animal cells; Macromolecules chemical properties; Cellular division; Animal tissues and Plant tissues; preparing bacterial smear; Algae, Fungi, and Bryophytes; Protozoan & Plants and animals Biodiversity.


Major Requirement - 81 Credit Hours:



Compulsory Courses - 72 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A1213019 Genome Editing 3 Introduction to genome editing methods including their definition, mechanism of their action, limitations and the chronological sequence of their development. Covered methods of gene editing will include; transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs) and the recently developed clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats associated with protein Cas9, (CRISPR-Cas 9). The applications of gene editing in agriculture will be discussed.
A1214020 Microbial Biotechnology 3 This course traces the development of modern biotechnology from its origins in traditional fermentation processes to strain selection and development of recombinant microbes for industrial applications. Industrial microorganisms and their use in industrial fermentation, the various methods of fermentation, cell immobilization as well as the product recovery will be emphasized. The use of modified microorganisms/naturally selected to produce different material, organic acids, amino acids, enzymes, vitamins, antibiotics and single cell protein will be addressed.
A1212003 Principles of Plant Production 3 The course will elucidate principles of growth and development of cultivated species and methods of their propagation. Environmental factors affecting crop production will be covered thoroughly. Methods of culturing fruits, vegetables, flowers, ornamental, forest and agronomic field crops will be covered.
A1212006 Molecular Biology 3 Molecular biology is the study of biological systems at the molecular level. The course deals with nucleic acids and proteins and their interaction to promote cellular growth and development. The course details structure and analysis of nucleic acids, gene cloning and gene regulation as well as methods used in the recombinant DNA technology and its applications in agriculture, aquaculture and environmental protection. Molecular methods such as polymerase chain regulation (PCR), restriction mapping, DNA hybridization and sequencing will be elucidated.
A1212004 Plant Pathology 2 "Training the students in research centers and laboratories as well as modern farms that are related to biotechnology to enable them to gain scientific and practical experience that might help them later in their future career. Fourth year student "
A1213007 Molecular Genetics 3 The course is an introduction to molecular genetics and methods used within this field. It will focus on understanding mechanisms of replication, repair, recombination, gene expression and organization in eukaryotes, variation and evolution of genetic material. Transmission of genetic information with emphasis on the structure and function of nucleic acids as well as genome analysis and bioinformatics will be discussed. The genetics of prokaryotes, eukaryotes and viruses will also be covered
A1214014 Animal Biotechnology 3 This course will provide students with a theoretical and practical understanding of several aspects of animal biotechnology. The course will address challenges facing livestock industry. The use of biotechnology for animal- related issues such as food safety, disease control and biosecurity will be considered. Further, transgenic animals and their applications for research and industry will be focused on. Assisted reproductive technology as well as animal cloning and breading and their potential applications in agriculture will be addressed thoroughly. The integration of all these technologies will be explored to improve animal production, health and welfare.
A1213008 Plant Physiology 3 This course is designed to provide students with fundamentals of plant physiology. The topics that will be covered including transportation of solutes, photosynthesis, metabolism of organic and inorganic nutrients, plant growth regulation and growth factors, as well as the environmental impact on plant physiology. Physiology of mycorrhiza and nitrogen fixing nodules as well as phytohormones and defense mechanisms in plants will also be addressed.
A1213013 Food Biotechnology 3 This course will shed light on the basic principles of food fermentation, biochemical engineering and enzymes (proteases, lipases, carbohydrases) in food production. In addition, the course will cover utilization of microorganisms for food production, and the genetic modification of bacteria, plants and animals in food production and modification. Modern advances in biosensor technology and their use in monitoring biotechnology process and products will be addressed.
A1214024 Graduation Project 3 An experimental investigation of a fundamental or practical problem in agricultural biotechnology which has to be supervised by a faculty member should be conducted in the last academic year. Upon completion, students has to write their finding in a mini-thesis format and present it in front of their peers.
A1213015 Plant Breeding 3 This course introduces fundamental concepts of plant breeding and genetics as well as practices and techniques used in plant breeding and in selecting desired traits and developing crop cultivars both for human consumption and feedstock. Topics covers the genetic diversity in relation to adaptation, productivity, pest and disease resistance of plants will also be addressed. Methods of selection for self-and-cross-pollinated and asexually propagated crops will be covered in this course
A1213009 Plant Tissue Culture 3 This course will focus on the principles, protocols and utilization of plant and Tissue cell culture systems. Laboratory organization including understanding sterile techniques, media composition and preparation, in vitro propagation and regeneration, establishment and maintenance of callus and suspension cultures will be practiced in the laboratory. Other subjects will be covered including haploid production, somatic embryogenesis and artificial seeds, generating mutants for salts, disease, cold, drought, herbicide and other stress conditions. Plant micropropagation, meristem culture and virus elimination, shoot tip culture, cryopreservation and germplasm conservation will be practiced by students in the laboratory
A1214022 Field Training in Biotechnology 6 Training the students in research centers and laboratories as well as modern farms that are related to biotechnology to enable them to gain scientific and practical experience that might help them later in their future career.
A1163400 Microbiology 3 Introduction: discovery of microorganisms, definition of microorganisms, bacterial morphology; Structures of bacteria, viruses, and fungi; Bacterial growth and environmental conditions influencing microorganisms: growth; Microbial genetics and mutagenesis; Biofilm formation and quorum sensing; Sterilization and disinfection; Bacterial metabolism; Host pathogen interaction; Mechanisms of pathogenesis; Common pathogenic microorganisms spread, route of infection, symptoms, diagnosis and treatments. Bactria as normal flora.
A1214017 Bioinformatics 3 This is a new multidisciplinary field that combines both computer skills and biological knowledge and implementing them for better handling, deciphering and interpreting the vast amount of biomolecular knowledge. Therefore the aim of the course is to enable students to be familiar with multiple bioinformatics tools and databases. Examples of methodology and applications that will be covered by the course including; understanding protein and DNA databases and web servers and elements of computational intelligence and programming. In addition modeling and simulation in biology, biobanks informatics and ethics of bioinformatics and data handling will be covered.
A1214018 Environmental Biotechnology 3 This course deals with the specific applications of microorganisms for sustaining clean environment and solving environmental problems. Topics discussed in this class will include; Environmental monitoring, wastewater treatment, pollution control of domestic, agricultural and industrial wastes, bioremediation of oil spells and other contaminants, clean technology, energy and biofules and their production form waste materials, biomining and mineral resources recovery.
A1211002 Principles of Plant Protection 3 The course discusses basic knowledge about plant protection from pests and other diseases as well as weed. The course will include studying the major pests that affect corps in Jordan in terms of their morphology, ecology. The classification of plant diseases and their identification should be emphasized. Principles of plant and disease management, integrated pest management concept and weed management will be discussed thoroughly.
A1213016 Genetic Engineering 3 This class ties together various aspects of the knowledge the students have acquired from several previous courses focusing on recombinant DNA technology, gene manipulation, gene cloning, gene transfer and transgenic animals. Further, techniques such as construction of DNA libraries, preparation of DNA and RNA probes, screening of DNA libraries for identification of desired clones, expression of cloned genes and other applications will be covered.
A1214021 Biosafety and Bioethics 2 This class will deal with issues pertaining to biosafety and bioethics of biotechnology including history, evolution and concept of biosafety, biosafety regulations and guidelines and well as the classification and the description of biosafety levels. Understanding the biohazards and the hazardous wastes and their handling will be covered in this class. The safety of genetically engineered microorganisms on humans, animals and agriculture will be addressed thoroughly. The other part of the class will address the bioethics issues like the types of the risk associated with GMOs or the GM foods and their consumption and the issue of the agriculture and animal rights
A1213011 Smart Agriculture 3 This course analyses climate change impacts on agriculture, and Smart Solution food security and food systems and provides an overview of the main climate change adaptation and mitigation strategies in agriculture. The optimum methods of integration of land and water management which are necessary to adapt to future. Smart agriculture main objectives which are; adaption of the food security system to climate change, reducing greenhouse gas emissions and the sustainable increase in food production will be covered in this class.
A1214012 Plant Genetic Resources 2 This course covers the importance, collection, evaluation, conservation, and utilization of plant genetic resources (PGR) and discusses the ex-situ and in-situ collection and conservation strategies. Importance of land races and wild species as plant genetic resources and their economic value to food security are discussed. The relationship between PGR and sustainable agriculture is also studied. The international agreements in plant genetic resources and the policies that govern their collection and utilization are also covered.
A1214023 Seminar 1 This is a Self-study course where its objective is to train students to collect literature pertaining to a modern agricultural biotechnology issue, understand the issue and present it orally in front of their peers.
A1212005 General Genetics 3 The course will cover basic principles of Mendelian genetics, natural selection, chromosomes and genomes, multiple alleles, linkage and crossing over, genetic variation and mutations. Principles of molecular genetics and population genetics and the biological variation resulting from genetic recombination will be elucidated. In addition, the use of genetic methods to analyze protein functions, the gene regulation as well as inherited disease will be studied.
A1214010 Plant Biotechnology 3 Plant Biotechnology course aims to impart understanding of the basic principles of the plant sciences and molecular biology and the integration of these sciences to provide healthy plants, as well as healthy food and feed. Techniques including plant transformation with Ti plasmid of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, physical methods of transferring genes to plants such as microprojectile bombardment and electroporation as well as the use of reporter genes in transformed plant cells will be taught in the class at both the theory and practice. Molecular techniques such as RFLP, RAPD and AFLP will be used for marker selection in plant breeding and biotechnology. The application of plant biotechnology in agriculture, environmental protection, energy and the production of high value products will be covered
A0912501 Biostatistics 2 An introduction and review of biostatistics that provides an introduction to selected important topics in biostatistical concepts and reasoning. This course represents an introduction to the field and provides a survey of data and data types. Specific topics include descriptive statistics both numerical and graphical methods of data sets, measures of central tendency and variability, probability distributions, sampling, estimation, confidence intervals and hypothesis testing. While there are some formulae and computational elements to the course, the emphasis is on interpretation and concepts.

Elective Courses - 9 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A1212025 Biodiversity 3 The course gives an introduction to terrestrial and aquatic biodiversity, conservation biology, and the common methods to conserve the environment and its biological diversity. The central aspects of biodiversity that will be discussed here are; biodiversity through history, the value of biodiversity, human effects on biodiversity, as well as empirical examples of conservation biology.
A1214027 Dairy Processing 3 This course will cover all the aspects of dairy processing starting from understanding the anatomy and physiology of the mammary glands, understanding the composition of different milk types and their physical and chemical properties as well as the milking process and milk collection in the farm. Further, the course will address the various processing steps of milk including; pasteurization, UHT sterilization. homogenization, centrifugation and cream preparation and subsequent processing, butter production, production of condensed milk and milk powder, cheese production and the starter dairy culture.
A1213028 Special Topics 3 Upon the requirements of the students and agreement of the instructor, any current subject that is not included in the curriculum will be addressed in this course.
A1213026 Virology 3 This course will cover various types of viruses that cause diseases in plants and livestock. Virus classification, isolation and molecular structure properties, replication and pathogenicity, vector transmission and control will be discussed.


Free Ellective - 12 Credit Hours:



Compulsory Courses - 12 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A1213029 Aquaponic and Hydroponic Culture 3 Aquaponics is the combination of hydroponics and aquaculture in a controlled environment. In the class the knowledge for establishing and maintaining fish tanks and beneficial plants will be handeled. The course will further address seed germination and planting, plant selection and plant nutrient requirements as well as photosynthesis and transpiration. A special emphasis will be on studying the water quality and chemistry.
A1212031 Research Methods 3 The goals of this course are to help students fully understand basic concepts and techniques of quantitative and qualitative research. Students will be acquainted with fundamentals of research methods and the basic concepts used in research. It includes discussions on sampling techniques, research designs and techniques of analysis. The students will be introduced to statistical soft wares such as SPSS and its use for analyzing field experiments.
A1161601 Organic chemistry 3 Introduction to organic chemistry: Bonding: Polarity, Structural formulas Isomerism, and Hybridization; Classification of organic compounds; Aliphatic compounds: Nomenclature and reactions, Alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and cycloalkanes; Aromatic compounds; Alcohols; Ethers; Aldehydes; Ketones Carboxylic acids; Esters; Acyl halides; Amides; Amines.
A1214030 Seed Production and Technology 3 This course will address all aspects regarding seed production and technology. The course will cover, seed formation and development, seed chemistry, seed germination, seed dormancy, seed viability and vigor testing, seed quality attributes and determinants. Principles of seed production, certification, and quality control in seed production will also be covered.


Complementary Requirement - 9 Credit Hours:



Compulsory Courses - 9 Credit Hours

Course Code Course Name Credit hours Description
A0161200 Remedial English Language 3 Grammar: auxiliary verbs, tenses (past, present, future) Vocabulary: friendship, communication, IT, TV shows, media, houses, places description, compound nouns, free time activities, books and movies description, food, dinning out. Variety of skills: paragraph writing, verifying formal and informal letters, writing unofficial emails, ways of using punctuation, upper case letters and conjunctions, outlining main ideas and details, inferring conclusions and impeded meanings, determining author?s perspectives, presentations, argumentation and persuasion, agreeing and disagreeing expressions, making comparisons, narrating events, expressing opinions, making official phone calls, ordering food, correct pronunciation.
A0331700 Remedial Computer Skills 3 Introduction to basic computer hardware and software; copyrights; Windows operating system; Microsoft Office: Word, Excel, Power point, Access; Introduction to Internet.
A0161100 Remedial Arabic Language 3 Language level and definition, speaking and comprehension texts, syntax exercises, Nominal Sentence, safe feminine plural, safe masculine plural, singularity, auxiliaries, duality, numbers, subordinates, punctuations, morphological exercise, dictation issues, Nunnation.

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