| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0161201 |
English Communication Skills |
3 |
Grammar: question tags, modals, future forms, articles, adjectives, adverbs, if structures; vocabulary: relationships, work, activities, media, war, sport; writing skills: essay, notes, messages, application letters; basic and advanced reading skills; basic and advanced listening skills; verbal skills: oral presentations, arguments. |
| A0161101 |
Arabic Communication Skills |
3 |
Language levels: phonological level, grammatical level, rhetorical level, orthographic level, comprehension and speaking; grammar exercises, nominal sentences, verbal sentences, kana and its sisters, Inna and its sisters, dual, masculine plural, feminine plural, indeclinable nouns, vocative, appositives; exercises in morphology, present participle, and past participle; spelling and punctuation, dictionaries, listening and speaking. |
| A0161301 |
National Education |
3 |
Concepts and terms; Geography of Jordan; contemporary political history of Jordan; Jordanian Society; Jordanian constitutional and democratic life; Jordanian national institutions; challenges facing Jordan; threats to civic life: fanaticism, extremism, terrorism, violence; corruption: definitions, types, causes, impact, and prevention. |
| A0161112 |
Leadership and Societal Responsibility |
1 |
This course deals with prominent titles related to leadership, such as: the meaning of leadership, the vocabulary that falls under the term, leadership styles, leadership and social responsibility, change management and strategies, building an effective team, the leader and managing diversity, how to discover future leaders and support them, and women leaders. |
| A0161113 |
Life Skills |
1 |
This course deals with the vital interest of the individual on the individual and collective level. It is like a passport to the success of individuals and helps them understand their personal competencies. It discusses the meaning of skills, their levels, characteristics and importance, communication skill and communication, and trains them on self-skills such as the skill of time management, organizing and defining it, and providing examples of its fields of application and activities. carried out by the students themselves. It also deals with thinking skills, its importance, education, and forms such as problem-solving and decision-making as forms of complex thinking or its strategies. The course also deals with training students on methods of dialogue and exchange of views as an entry point to resolving differences and mitigating frictions when we witness the openness of societies, correct study skills, family success and conservatism. |
| A0161401 |
Military Sciences |
3 |
The establishment and development of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan; the history of the Arab Legion; peacekeeping troops; preparing the nation for defense and liberation. |
| A0161111 |
Entrepreneurship and Innovation |
1 |
Economic science definition: its objectives and the economic problem; The relation between the economic science and other sciences; Economic analysis methods; Production possibilities curve; National income accounts; Consumption; Investment; Saving; Unemployment; Inflation; Money and Banking; Financial and monetary policy and its role in dealing with the imbalanced economy through these policies; Economic development in terms of importance and objectives and economic planning to achieve such objectives; Demand and supply theory and consumer equilibrium; Cost and production theory; Producer equilibrium in different markets. |
| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0161501 |
Islamic Culture |
3 |
Definition of the culture, characteristics of the Islamic culture, Islamic culture and other cultures; the sources of Islamic culture: The Holy Quran, Sunna, the Arabic language, history of Islam; fields of Islamic culture: faith, worship, morals; challenges facing the Islamic culture: orientalism, globalization, secularism; young people and the impacts of foreign cultures, women and Islam, Islam and terrorism. |
| A0161701 |
History of Jordan and Palestine |
3 |
The geography of Jordan and Palestine, Jordan and Palestine in ancient times, general historical look, Jordan, and Palestine in the Mamluk era, Jordan, and Palestine during the First World War (1914- 1918), Emirate of East Jordan (Transjordan), constitutional and legislative life in Jordan, Palestine under the British Mandate, and Jordanian-Palestinian relations, Jerusalem, historical status. |
| A0161703 |
Archaeology and Tourism in Jordan |
3 |
Tourism definition; Classification of Tourism; The difference between tourist and other traveler?s concepts, Travel types, The definition of Archaeology and archaeological sites: Archaeological surveys and excavations; Documentation; Jordan through the ages; Components of tourism in Jordan; Elements of tourist attractions in Jordan: Archeological sites, Natural sites, Natural reserves, Forests; Tourist movement and types in Jordan; Economical impact of tourism in Jordan. |
| A0161601 |
Contemporary Issues |
3 |
Identify the most important contemporary local, national and regional issues, the most prominent contemporary challenges and their questions from development, youth, extremism, globalization, culture and identity; Jerusalem and its central position, the Arab-Israeli conflict |
| A0161802 |
Development and Environment |
3 |
The course provides awareness and insight into the environmental issue, its vocabulary, the human relationship with the ecosystem, and environmental hazards to avoid. It also works to develop students' understanding and awareness of basic ecological concepts, and to reinforce their attitudes and values, in order to practice solving environmental problems. And linking it to comprehensive development and its relationship to water, food and energy security. |
| A0411601 |
Legal Education and Human Rights |
3 |
This course identifying the basic concepts of human rights in an analytical way, and then realistic clarify of the international & regional means dealing with human rights such as treaties, recommendations and international means that are in the process of formation, such imperative rules & customs, this course also address realistically the content of human rights and the rights of the first generation such as right of living. The second-generation rights such as the right to work and third-generation rights such as the right of environment. International ways to protect human rights in general. In addition, the extent to which the Jordanian constitution is compatible with international human rights standards. |
| A0161901 |
Media and Public Relations |
3 |
The nexus between media and society in terms of the social, political, economic and cultural power of the media, the role of the media in giving people the opportunity to express their opinions and promote international relations. Communication and public relations, communication and its types, levels, forms, properties, fields, activities, physical and nonphysical (symbolic) environment, and obstacles to the communicative process. Public relations: its beginnings, development, principles, bases, importance, functions, planning, activities. |
| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0871103 |
Principles of Renewable Energy |
3 |
Introduction to renewable Energy include Photovoltaic, Wind power, Micro hydropower, Biomass energy, Waste power, Solar thermal power, Geothermal power, Ocean energy (tidal, tide-flow and wave), Ocean energy (OTEC), , Comparison of characteristics and cost of renewables. How we can use the sun, wind, biomass, geothermal resources, and water to generate more sustainable energy. It explains the fundamentals of energy, including the transfer of energy, as well as the limitations of natural resources. Starting with solar power, the text illustrates how energy from the sun is transferred and stored; used for heating, cooling, and lighting; collected and concentrated; and converted into electricity |
| A1321100 |
Sport and Health |
3 |
Defining health and fitness: physical education, health education; the cognitive, emotional, skill-oriented, and social goals of physical education; the history of physical education: ancient, medieval, and modern ages, the Olympics, Athletics in Jordan: nutrition and exercising; athletic injuries: bone, joint , muscle, skin injuries; special exercises for figure deformation; diseases related to lack of exercise: diabetes, obesity, being underweight, back pain, cancer; hooliganism: causes and recommended solutions for hooliganism. |
| A0591111 |
Digital Literacy |
3 |
Digital Literacy is a concept that describes how technology and the Internet are shaping the way people interact and how they affect us as individuals and as a society. This course educate students on the uses of digital technologies, the dangers of digital technology and the need to build a culture of ethical use of the Internet and introduce the concept of responsible freedom. |
| A0612303 |
Society Health |
3 |
The course aims to provide students with the basic principles that enhance the concept of health and health prevention in its various physical, psychological and social aspects. The student will also be provided with information that helps individuals realize their health needs in the context of the culture and values ??systems they live in and how to meet these needs, which is known as improving health and quality of life. |
| A0161602 |
Critical Thinking Skills |
3 |
The concept of critical thinking, its components; characteristics of critical thinking individuals; Critical thinking skills: the skill of interpretation, analysis, evaluation, inference, expectation, prediction; Stages of critical thinking: Motivation, searching for information, linking information, evaluation, expression, and integration |
| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0551201 |
Microeconomics |
3 |
The course provides the basic knowledge of economics that is essential for all business major students to know. Topics covered in microeconomics include equilibrium models used by consumers and producers to satisfy needs under scarce resources, the theory of demand and supply, shifts in supply and demand, elasticity of demand and supply, consumer equilibrium, producer equilibrium, and markets under perfect competition. |
| A0571101 |
Principles of Marketing (1) |
3 |
This course aim to describe the Marketing Concepts, the importance of understanding the marketplace and build customer engagement, and marketing mix; Analyzing the Marketing Environment: Marketing Environment Definition, The Micro-Environment, The Macro Environment, Responding to the Marketing Environment; Products: Product Definition, Product Dimensions, Product Classification, Product life cycle and its strategy;? pricing: pricing concept, pricing strategies and tactics; marketing channels: Understand the importance of marketing channels, Understand what value channel members create; marketing communications: define the promotion mix tools, the integrated marketing communications. Include planning and execution of promotional program. |
| A0111104 |
Statistics For Business |
3 |
Elementary principles and applications of descriptive statistics;
counting principles; linear regression and correlation
and ANOVA; elementary probability principles;
probability distributions; test of hypothesis
and confidence interval. |
| A0551101 |
Principles of Financial Management |
3 |
This is an introductory finance course which assumes no prior knowledge of financial management. It introduces students to the fundamental concepts of financial management and the tools of financial decision making. These concepts relate primarily to the financial statement analysis, financial ratios analysis, time value of money, and capital budget techniques. |
| A0511101 |
Principles of Business Administration |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with the basic knowledge of management functions. Students will learn the fundamental principles of business administration, which include: Introduction to management and organizations, management history, planning, organizing, leading, and controlling |
| A0531101 |
Principles of Accounting (1) |
3 |
This course aims to prepare students to understand the definition and objectives of Accounting, and its Principles and Assumptions. As well, this course helps students to use the accounting equation in order to analyze the economic transactions, prepare the journal entries, posting, and prepare financial statements. Moreover, this course illustrates all of the following ( event, transaction, entry, journal, posting, ledger, trail balance, adjusting entries, correcting entries, closing entries, financial statement). |
| A0581401 |
Management Information Systems (1) |
3 |
his course aims to equip students with the basic knowledge of management information systems (MIS) fundamentals.
Accordingly, this course is formulated to cover key topics of MIS include: Information systems basic concepts,
the role of information systems in business environments complementary assets of information systems,
types of information systems and their functions in an organization, foundations of business intelligence,
foundations of telecommunication and Internet technologies, and the principles of e-commerce
business and revenue models. |
| A0331701 |
Computer Skills (Humanities) |
3 |
The course introduces students to a range of advanced topics in Microsoft Office 2016 Applications; these applications include Microsoft Outlook 2016, Microsoft Word 2016 and Microsoft Excel 2016. The course is designed to enhance the students? skills in advanced topics of Microsoft, it explains how to manage Emails using MS-Outlook 2016, also it introduces the students to create, format and design Text documents using MS- Word 2016 and finally it develops the knowledge of students in MS-Excel 2016 (Advanced Topics). |
| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0563301 |
Customer Relationship Management |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with an understanding of the basic principles of Customer Relationship Management the complementary relationship between business strategy, customer strategy, and development CRM strategy, what value is and how it is created and delivered to customers, how Building a multi-channel strategy, the performance assessment process procedures and learn the topics related to achieving customer satisfaction, customer retention rates and loyalty. |
| A0564201 |
Brand Management |
3 |
This course to describe types and classifications of products, product definition, product classification, product line mix, product life cycle & it's marketing strategies; product differentiation: differentiation definition, differentiation for goods, differentiation for services, differentiation functions branding: branding definition, global branding; brand equity: brand equity definition, brand equity dimensions; brand positioning: brand positioning definition, brand positioning prerequisite, competitive advantage analysis; promotional communication: promotional communication definition, the important of the promotional communication, promotional communication & adopting product; role of advertising in branding: advertising branding strategies, competitive advertising; publicity: publicity |
| A0564101 |
Creativity and Products Development |
3 |
This course aims to enhance students? knowledge of the beginning of the concept of creativity in marketing, shows the meaning of product design and development, and discusses the general process of developing a new product in addition to explaining the sub-processes (stages) required to perform and implement each major stage of new product development. |
| A0563204 |
Global Marketing in the Digital Age |
3 |
This course aims to develop students' skills in relation to international marketing programs in the digital age by defining organizational goals and methods through implementing research, advertising, distribution, and production activities. Students also study the international similarities and differences in marketing functions in relation to the cultural, economic, political, social and physical dimensions of the environment. And the role of the Internet in global marketing, in addition to refining students' skills with changes in marketing systems and the adoption of marketing philosophies and practices in different countries. |
| A0562101 |
Personal Selling and Sales Management |
3 |
This course aims to expand students' knowledge of the selling process, study the legal and ethical issues of organizations that affect salespeople, understand the communication process between buyers and sellers and understand the types of customers, as well as addressing the role of dialogue in the sales process and its importance in building a relationship with the customer based on trust, and then the student learns how to address buyers? concerns. This course also aims to study the nature and role of sales management in marketing, its strategies, how to forecast sales, analyze and design sales areas, and finally how to manage sales forces in them. |
| A0562201 |
Marketing Management |
3 |
This course aims to expand students' knowledge of the concept and nature of marketing management: what is meant by marketing management, the main activities of marketing management, philosophies of marketing management; Marketing planning: organization objectives/strategic objective, marketing audit, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats analysis, marketing objectives, marketing strategies, marketing programs, budgets/resources allocation, implementation, evaluation and control; Organizing marketing activity: nature and purpose of organization, organizational structure design, nature of marketing management organization, marketing management organization models, introduction of marketing orientation at the organization level; Evaluation and control of marketing performance: the first measure of control and evaluation (assessment and interpretation of the current results and proposing the necessary corrective actions), financial measures, marketing measures, measures related to achieving stakeholder goals and risks, the second measure of control and evaluation (improving marketing effectiveness through marketing review), performance review catalog, components of a marketing audit; Applications in Marketing Management: Practical Cases in Marketing Management. |
| A0562402 |
Green Marketing |
3 |
This course aims to expand students' knowledge of the importance of green marketing in improving the image of the organization, through the production of environmentally friendly goods and services, the use of recycling in production processes, and the packaging of products with harmless materials. In addition to reducing the environmental waste resulting from manufacturing operations and allocating part of the budget for the purpose of voluntary community service. |
| A0564401 |
Search Engine and Smart phones Marketing |
3 |
This course aims to introduce students to how search engines work, search methods for website visitors, ways to improve a website, and how to develop advertising campaigns through a search engine and measure their success. In addition to understanding the basics of search engines and advertising, and how they fit into the process of marketing planning and marketing communications. This course also includes introducing the importance of marketing using smart phones for different types of companies, identifying marketing strategies through smart phone, applications, and how to measure their effectiveness. |
| A0563202 |
Marketing Research and Technology |
3 |
This course aims to introduce students to marketing research and its different types of research methods, data analysis, and evaluation methods related to marketing research. And traditional and digital methods of data collection and analysis. Students will also develop their skills in defining a marketing research problem, research design and questionnaire design. As a result, Students will have the theoretical and applied knowledge to conduct successful marketing research. |
| A0564501 |
Graduation Project in Marketing |
3 |
This course aims to develop the student?s research skills as he has passed the business research methodology subject and has theoretical knowledge of its vocabulary. We begin by defining the research problem, its main questions and hypotheses, and then design a research model that explains the relationship between independent and dependent research variables; The student defines the research variables procedurally in order to understand the significance of each variable and then sheds light on the determinants that he encountered when dealing with the problem, which are called temporal and spatial determinants; In the second semester, the student moves to building a theoretical framework during which he expands on the research variables with a full explanation and then reinforces them with the studies of his predecessors. Then he moves to the third chapter, in which he shows the methodology he took in preparing the research, the society he informed and the sample he took as a basis for research and investigation. Then it moves to the fourth chapters, which includes the results, and the fifth, which includes discussing the results and making recommendations. |
| A0563401 |
Financial Services Marketing |
3 |
This course to describe banking marketing: definition of banking marketing, bank marketing mix; bank service: bank service definition, the characteristics of banking services, bank service quality, bank service life cycle and strategies, bank service line mix; bank marketing environment: the micro- environment, the macro- environment; pricing of bank services: pricing concept, pricing system; distribution of bank services: the distribution of bank services concept, bank services distribution channels; promotion of bank services: banking promotion concept, , bank promotion mix; customer service: the customer orientation, customer service definition, customer service dimensions, customer retention. |
| A0564301 |
Implementations of Advertising and Technology |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with knowledge about the nature of electronic advertising and how the Internet used to transfer advertisements, design and analyze them in a way that suits each platform, and show the different stages of advertising planning and implementation. This course also covers advertising through search engines, and advertising on all digital communication platforms. |
| A0563302 |
E-Tourism |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with basic concepts and skills related to traditional and electronic tourism marketing. It also includes the following topics: characteristics of the service sector, marketing foundations in the hospitality and tourism sector as part of the service sector, strategic planning, and traditional and electronic marketing research. This course also includes knowledge related to consumer purchasing behavior. In addition, market segmentation and targeting, and finally an understanding of modern methods and applications of information technology in the field of tourism marketing. |
| A0562202 |
Distribution Channels and Technology |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with the basic concepts related to traditional and digital marketing distribution channels. This course also includes the following topics: the concept of distribution channels and their types, the concepts and basics of building a strategic plan for distribution channels, designing traditional and digital marketing channels, in addition to formulating, preparing and evaluating the strategic plan for distribution channels, and finally Understand the modern methods and methods of electronic distribution |
| A0563201 |
E-Marketing Strategy |
3 |
This course aims to introduce students to traditional and electronic marketing strategies used by local and international companies, and to introduce how to develop and implement a marketing strategy based on the organization's mission and objectives for a number of commodity and service companies through learning tools for contemporary strategic analysis, both traditional and digital. |
| A0562102 |
Service Marketing |
3 |
This course covers the nature of services, how to understand services, how consumer behavior relates to services, and how to position services. In addition, the development of the service concept and its value proposition, and the product, distribution, pricing, and communications strategies that are needed for developing a successful business model and expands them to account for the specific characteristics of services that make them different from goods marketing |
| A0564502 |
Field Training |
3 |
This course aims to provide the appropriate environment and opportunity for the student to invest his theoretical knowledge acquired during his studies in one of the applied fields in e marketing to acquire the practical skills required for his effective integration into the labor market |
| A0562203 |
E-Marketing Communications |
3 |
This course aims to introduce students to the basic information related to the concept of integrated electronic marketing communications, its elements, and planning, both traditionally and electronically. Through the optimal use of its main elements of personal selling, advertising, advertising, public relations, direct marketing, and the definition of challenges that may hinder the success of the communication process, related to language, organizational obstacles, or individual differences. |
| A0563203 |
Social Media Marketing |
3 |
This course aims to develop students' concepts of social media marketing, as it is based on an eight-part social media planning model that provides students with a cumulative learning experience and shows them how to build social media strategies that achieve the desired marketing goals. These marketing objectives form the process of developing tailored social media strategies. Particular attention is paid to the most effective methods of determining target marketing on the social Internet, with an emphasis on creating personalities representing important online market segments of the company. You will discover how to put these well-defined personalities to work in selecting the optimal social media platforms to reach the organization's marketing goals. |
| A0562103 |
Digital Consumer Behavior |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with an understanding of traditional and digital consumer behavior, the mechanism of market segmentation and targeting, and the internal and external factors that influence this behavior to make science-based decisions in the organization in order to provide added value to consumers and win competition in traditional and digital markets. |
| A0561102 |
Principles of E-Marketing |
3 |
This course aims to provide students with the basics of internet marketing, its benefits and advantages and the difference between traditional marketing and e marketing as part of the marketing communications mix. This course also aims to provide students with knowledge related to business models, e-strategies, methods used for online advertising, and methods of maintaining and existing customers via the internet. New customer acquisition techniques, as well as the basic tools used in Internet marketing, developing Internet marketing strategies and plans and evaluating their results. |
| A0563101 |
Pricing and Technology |
3 |
This course aims to understand the nature of traditional and digital pricing, the concept and importance of price, and the marketing mix; Pricing steps: price setting stage; Factors affecting traditional and digital pricing decisions: internal factors, external factors; Pricing objectives: the importance of setting pricing objectives, profit-oriented objectives, sales volume-oriented objectives, maintaining the status quo; Introduction to cost-based pricing: types of costs and their importance in determining price, cost-based pricing methods; Demand-based pricing input: price and demand elasticity, modulus of elasticity; Pricing strategies: steps for choosing a pricing strategy, the strategic role of price. |
| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0564303 |
Contemporary issues in E-marketing |
3 |
This course is designed to provide students with an in-depth understanding of some of the main theoretical and research perspectives that have contributed to the academic knowledge in marketing. Consideration will be given to some of the important debates to which theorizing about these different perspectives has given rise with the implications of these for both research and practice explored. Furthermore, the course intends to familiarize students with reading academic publications in marketing, developing their ability to critically analyze and evaluate such publications. Throughout the course, students are exposed to a wide range or methodologies used in business research as well as develop the ability to assess the validity of findings described in the scholarly literature. |
| A0564204 |
Business to Business Marketing |
3 |
This subject aims to provide students with an understanding of business-to-business fundamentals. Today most businesses compete in a global environment and a sound strategy for international business. This course covers key areas of business-to-business marketing, including business-to-business markets and marketing, buyer behavior, inter-firm relationships and networks, marketing analysis and strategy, responsible strategy, business market segmentation, marketing communication, relationship communication, relationship portfolios and key account management, managing marketing processes, price-setting in business-to-business markets |
| A0513201 |
Business Ethics and Social Responsibility |
3 |
This course introduces thoroughly the complex environment in which managers confront ethical decision-making. Topics include concepts, processes and best practices within successful business ethics programs. Upon completion, students should be able to demonstrate an understanding of their moral responsibilities and obligations as members of the workforce and society, and able to integrate ethics into key strategic business decisions. |
| A0513102 |
Entrepreneurship and Small Businesses |
3 |
This course aims to equip students with the basic knowledge of Entrepreneurship and Small Business skills. It provides students with an overview of entrepreneurship and small business and the essential tools needed to make successful feasibility analysis and a business plan. Students will learn the fundamentals of entrepreneurship and small business including: introduction to entrepreneurship, recognizing opportunities and generating ideas, feasibility analysis, writing a business plan, industry and competitor analysis, franchising, and finding opportunity in an existing business. |
| A0564203 |
Marketing Information Systems |
3 |
This course focuses on information systems in order to support marketing management decision-making with emphasis on the areas of products, pricing, distribution, promotion, systems analysis, and functional information systems. Students learn the importance of: -developing an effective database; -conducting marketing research studies;-creating a marketing plan; - using data mining techniques to extract data from data warehouses and build prognostic models and - incorporating technology tools to develop marketing information systems and decision support systems. |
| A0512102 |
Human Resource Management |
3 |
This course aims to enable students to understand the various principles and concepts of Human Resources Management. It provides students a full and practical introduction to human resource management techniques, with a focus on how to use those techniques to improve performance, productivity and profitability at work. Students will learn the fundamental principles of human resource management including: Planning, job analysis, recruitment, selection, training and development, performance appraisal and compensation. |
| A0412301 |
Electronic commerce legislation |
3 |
Studying the most important legal aspects raised using electronic information systems, clarifying means of communication and their components, their impact on different branches of law, and the definition of electronic commerce. As well as studying the legal of electronic payment by credit card, in addition defining the applicable law for E-commerce disputes |
| Course Code |
Course Name |
Credit hours |
Description |
| A0161200 |
Remedial English Language |
3 |
Grammar: auxiliary verbs, tenses (past, present, future) Vocabulary: friendship, communication, IT, TV shows, media, houses, places description, compound nouns, free time activities, books and movies description, food, dinning out. Variety of skills: paragraph writing, verifying formal and informal letters, writing unofficial emails, ways of using punctuation, upper case letters and conjunctions, outlining main ideas and details, inferring conclusions and impeded meanings, determining author?s perspectives, presentations, argumentation and persuasion, agreeing and disagreeing expressions, making comparisons, narrating events, expressing opinions, making official phone calls, ordering food, correct pronunciation. |
| A0331700 |
Remedial Computer Skills |
3 |
Introduction to basic computer hardware and software; copyrights; Windows operating system; Microsoft Office: Word, Excel, Power point, Access; Introduction to Internet. |
| A0161100 |
Remedial Arabic Language |
3 |
Language level and definition, speaking and comprehension texts, syntax exercises, Nominal Sentence, safe feminine plural, safe masculine plural, singularity, auxiliaries, duality, numbers, subordinates, punctuations, morphological exercise, dictation issues, Nunnation. |
